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Elliott v. City of New York, 95 NY2d 730, p. 2 (2001).
Brian Ceccarelli, Cary Citations per Intersection, p. 1 (2013).
Austin Berg, Illinois Red-Light Cameras Have Collected More than $1B from Drivers Since 2008, Illinois Policy (2019).
Suffolk County Red Light Safety Program, SCTPVA, 2015 Annual Report, p. 26 (Dec 2016).
Candice Ferette, Robert Brodsky, Nassau County, N.Y., Sees Spike in Red-Light Camera Revenues, Government Technology (June 11, 2018).
Various California City Police Departments, Red-Light Camera Report for the Judicial Counsel (2020) Number of citations sums to 324,760. At $490 each, dollar amount sums to $159,132,400.00.
The Zebra, The State of Auto Insurance, p. 22 (2019). Over a period of 3 years, 1 red-light running ticket will raise an individual’s premium by $999. 324,760 tickets/year x 3 years x 999 = $970M. One may note that the Insurance Institute of Highway Safety (IIHS), a consortium of auto insurance companies, is a supporter of red-light cameras.
North Carolina Dept' of Transportation, Transportation Systems Management and Operation Unit Design Manual--Signal Design Section, Std. 5.2.2 Sheet 5 of 5 (July 2021).
Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Transportation and Traffic Engineering Handbook, p. 756 first paragraph of left column (2nd ed, 1982).
Redflex Traffic Systems, Automated Red Light Photo Enforcement RFP #9045 to Chesapeake, VA (2014)
Mats Järlström, Jay Beeber, See ITE Journal (March 2020).
New York Dept' of Transportation, Collision Diagram Miller Place Rd at Route 25A, Suffolk County (2015).
Brian Ceccarelli, Histograms of Number of Vehicles Running Red Lights vs Time into Red Comparing Left Turns and Straight-Thru Movements at Walnut Street at Meeting Place, Cary North Carolina (2017).
Joseph Hummer Deposition, p. 63 lines 7-12 (2012).
Institute of Traffic Engineers, Traffic Engineering Handbook, p. 407 (3rd ed, 1965).
ITE Technical Council Committee 4A-16, Determining Vehicle Change Intervals, ITE Journal, p. 29 middle column, paragraph starting with "The formula shown above" (July 1989).
Redflex Traffic Systems, Cary, North Carolina All Photo-Enforcement Notices (2012).
Brian Ceccarelli, Red-Light Cameras--Whom They Really Ticket (2017).
Brian Ceccarelli, Red-Light Cameras--Whom They Really Ticket (2017)
Suffolk County Red Light Safety Program, SCTPVA, 2015 Annual Report (Dec 2016)
New York Dept' of Transportation, Collision Diagram Miller Place Rd at Route 25A, Suffolk County (2015). See also citation 13: The number of red-light violations is at least 30 times greater in left turn lanes than in straight-thru lanes.
Alixandra Demers, SafeLight Raleigh Camera Analysis Observational Before-After Study, pp. iii, iv, v; AECOM (2013).
Justin Gallagher, Paul Fischer, Cameras Can Catch Cars That Run Red Lights, But That Doesn't Make Streets Safer, The Conversation (Aug 15, 2018).
Federal Highway Administration, USDOT, Safety Evaluation of Red-Light Cameras, Publication NO. FHWA-HRT-05-048 (2005).
Brian Ceccarelli, et.al., Number of Violations vs Yellow Change Interval for Several American Cities (2015).
Gregory Fuller Deposition, considers crashes only, not whether drivers get tickets, pp. 51-52 (2012).
Alexander Mirsakov Deposition, traffic flow prioritized over fatalities, pp. 19-31 (2020).
Lei Yu, et.al., for the Texas Dept' of Transportation, Yellow and Red Intervals to Improve Signal Timing Plans for Left-Turn Movement, p. 28. "Traffic laws are 7th priority". The motive of Yu's paper is to denounce Chiu Liu's paper Determination of Left-Turn Yellow Change and Red Clearance Intervals (2002) which Yu co-authored. Liu/Yu's paper introduces a new yellow change interval formula for left turns--a formula which would increase the left turn yellow by several seconds so that drivers can legally enter the intersection. However, Liu, in order to push intersection efficiency, has traffic engineers vote on the design priorities. Traffic engineers vote that efficiency outweighs all other design priorities. Yu thus directs the TxDOT to make drivers run red lights for the sake of intersection efficiency.
ITE Technical Council Committee 4A-16, Determining Vehicle Signal Change Intervals, ITE Journal p. 30 first paragraph (July 1989).
Joseph Hummer Deposition, p. 108 (2012)
Lisa Moon Deposition, p. 164, line 6 (2012)
Joseph Hummer Deposition, pp. 100-101 (2012)
Paul L. Olson, Richard W. Rothery, Driver Response to the Amber Phase of Traffic Signals, Operations Research 9(5):650-663, page 650 (1961).
Lisa Moon Deposition, pp. 23, 26, 27, "physics applies in a very limited vacuumed world", "Task Force did not use physics" (2012).
Adam McLeod, The Time I Turned a Routine Traffic Ticket into the Constitutional Trial of the Century, Public Discourse (January 13, 2017).
North Carolina General Statute § 89C-3(6).
New York Professional Engineering Practice Guideline 1.
North Carolina General Statute § 89C-23. "All political subdivisions of State must uphold provisions of this Chapter . . . ."
Benjamin Schachtman, Wilmington Red-Light Camera Lawsuit Joins Nationwide Effort Against 'Fifty-year old Error', Port City Daily, Wilmington NC (Jan 13, 2018).
North Carolina Board of Examiners for Engineers and Surveyors (NCBELS), Case No. V2018-026 Against American Traffic Solutions (2018).
New York State Board of Engineers and Land Surveyors, Email Stating Red-Light Installation Plans are Engineering Practice (March 16, 2016).
NCBELS, Case No. V2018-002 Decision and Order Against Robert Rennebaum (2019).
Nelson & Pope, Xerox Local and State Solutions, Red-Light Camera Installation Plans with no Certification (2016). Xerox knows that its plans must be certified because Xerox previously produced certified plans for the City of Raleigh, North Carolina. ACS, Xerox Local and State Solutions, Conduent are successor companies. See reference #45 for certified Conduent plans for Raleigh.
City of Raleigh, North Carolina, Red-Light Camera Installation Plans with Redacted Seals (2018)
City of Fayetteville, North Carolina, Email Stating American Traffic Solutions Won't Disclose Plans (April 26, 2018).
New York City Dept' of Transportation, Email Denying Disclosure Because Disclosure Would Interfere with Law Enforcement, FOIL-2018-841-02430 (Feb 11, 2019)
Brian Ceccarelli, Joseph Shovlin, Derivation of the Yellow Change Interval Equation (2017).
